![]() ![]() ![]() ( unstressed, after a consonant ) IPA ( key): /də/.( General Australian ) IPA ( key): /dʉː/.( US, Canada ) IPA ( key): /du/, enPR: do͞o.Other cognates include, via Latin, English feast, festival, fair ( “ celebration ” ), via Greek, English theo-, theme, thesis, and Sanskrit दधाति ( dadhāti, “ to put ” ), धातृ ( dhātṛ, “ creator ” ) and धातु ( dhātu, “ layer, element, root ” ). In Early Modern English, any meaning in such contexts was lost, making it a dummy auxiliary, and soon thereafter its use became mandatory in most questions and negations.ĭoublets include deed, deem, -dom, but not deal. It is first recorded in Middle English, where it may have marked the perfective aspect, though in some cases the meaning seems to be imperfective. The obligatory, meaningless use of do in interrogative, negative, and-formerly-affirmative sentences, which is unusual in Germanic languages, is thought by some linguists to be one of the Brittonicisms in English, calqued from Brythonic. The past tense form is from Middle English didde, dude, from Old English dyde, *diede, from Proto-Germanic *dedǭ/ *dedē, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti, an athematic e-reduplicated verb of the same root *dʰeh₁. ![]() From Middle English don, from Old English dōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- ( “ to put, place, do, make ” ).įor senses 4 and 5, compare Old Norse duga, whence Danish du.
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